o an understanding of the argument put forward in the late Manifesto. In the Ideology, Marx insists on looking at, as he frames it, (a) the facts of physical history and environment for philosophical meaning, instead of (b) philosophical meanings and applying them to the facts of physical history; that is the difference between looking from (a) earth to heaven and (b) heaven to earth (154).
Now aside from disagreements with previous philosophical systems, and consistent with the materialist basis of his political advocacy, Herr Marx has taken it upon himself to disagree with previous explanations of economic systems and processes. In this regard, classical political theory analyzed labor as an element of value equal to other elements that contribute value to economic activity and economic activity as a process that would obey natural laws as long as governments would refrain from intervention. Ricardo, for example, took the view that distribution of output in the form of land, capital, and labor occurred in proportion among many social classes, as a s
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