mines the trends in the U.S. juvenile correctional system and finds a movement toward deinstitutionalization, accompanied by legislation addressing the development of community-based corrections. Curran finds that there has been increased funding to allow for the treatment of many nondelinquent juveniles outside the formal justice system in private agencies, but existing public institutional facilities have also been maintained. While the juvenile population under direct governmental supervision has declined significantly since 1970, the total number of youthful offenders held in custody has changed little (Curran 363-378). Curran believes that this dual system does not bode well for the protection of the rights of juvenile offenders, and there are also uncertainties in terms of security for the public in the face of privately operated diversionary programs.
Gardner discusses a recent trend in the emergence of the punitive sanction in juvenile justice systems, a sanction that gives a greater emphasis on pers
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