iological father by virtue of the fact that he has contributed hereditary material via his sperm. Since no sperm has participated in the development of the cloned individual, there is no male parent (McKinnell 10-11).
Cloning higher animals has proven to be difficult, but scientists have persevered and have produced clones of livestock, including sheep. Researchers in Scotland recently succeeded in cloning cheep using a technique that has the potential to produce hundreds of animals. The researchers expect to combine the method with genetic engineering to create animals with specific traits. The method is called nuclear transfer and replaces the nucleus of an immature egg with a nucleus from another cell. In earlier methods, scientists obtained replacement nuclei directly from cells in embryos, but the new method uses nuclei from cells grown in a laboratory culture. An embryo has no more than 30 or 40 usable cells, while a culture usually features an almost endless supply. Gen
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