at the heart of the other two symptoms concerning Tanaka and Harper. Packard wants to introduce American style planning and controls into the joint venture, while Showa prefers to maintain a Japanese approach that does not include these techniques. The controversy extends well beyond planning and control, however, and into the personnel management, the selection of presidents, and the role of executive vice-presidents. Packard wants an increased presence in Showa, which is the role they want Harper (or his replacement) to provide, while Showa wants to send Japanese managers to the United States and have them return with information which would be transformed into effective Japanese management techniques.
The ethical problems faced by Packard and Showa include how employees are to be promoted (Tanaka), how employees are to be judged on their performance (Harper), and how joint ventures are to be run. These are ethical problems that any company must overcome regardless of whether they are operating in a
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