ighly-structured language depending on the algorithms connected with binary notation (Ritchie, 1978, 1984).
This was efficient for number crunching and some basic data retrieval functions, but it was seldom able to perform much beyond the "if-then" structure. Several programs developed after BASIC, each one designed to make the job or programming both more simple and more sophisticated.
Smalltalk, C and C++ are computer languages that trace their roots back through this chain to BASIC. It's essential to recall this in the following discussion for the code variations that will be discussed are really nothing more than ways to improve upon BASIC (Mahoney, 1998). Object-oriented programming systems like C++ are designed to be one higher rung on the quest for artificial machine intelligence (Taylor, 1994).
First, we must redefine "object." This is not something we are used to, like a glass or a car or a ball that has physical characteristics. "Object" here refers to events that occur in the real world. The "object" in object-based programming is an attempt to reflect a decision making process as done by the human mind. Put another way, this means that the programming discipline "models" the characteristics and behavior of something in the real world รป a transaction, a data-search, thinking, analysis, etc (Leinfuss, 1995; Sebesta, 1999).
There are four main characteristics that define an "object" within this construct:
First, the object must have "encapsulation" (a method of hiding information, controls, codes, etc.).
Second, the object, or object class, must be polymorphic (messages sent to other object sets react differently and cause different results).
Third, the object must exhibit "inheritance", which is the ability to define new classes based on existing classes.
Fourth, the object must exhibit "dynamic binding" which suggests that objects can be originated from anywhere within the program.
C+...