l was to ally themeselves with others like themselves.
In the days prior to industrialization, finding others like themselves would have been difficult. But, with the technological developments in transportation and machine efficiency, great segments of the population could cross vast distances to work in the industrialized urban centers.
Immigrants would come from Europe and China to make the new labor force. Farmers unable to buy the new machinery or pay the new railroad rates would move to the cities. Between 1860 and 1914, New York grew from 850,000 to four million, Chicago from 110,000 to two million, Philadelphia from 650,000 to 1.5 million (Zinn, 1980, p. 248).
Technology was the foundation of the political manipulations that allowed individual empires in the midst of such suffering among the lower classes. These empires were the first to profit from the welfare state.
And so it went, in industry after industry shrewd, efficient businessmen building empires, choking out competition, maintaining high prices, keeping wages low, using governmen
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