rly "formed" with the moral and spiritual values which secular education generally fails to provide.
History bears witness how, particularly in modern times, the State has violated and does violate rights conferred by God on the family. At the same time it shows magnificently how the Church has ever protected and defended these rights, a fact proved by the special confidence which parents have in Catholic schools (Pius XI, 1929, 48).
Indeed, Pius XI declares that "it is the duty of the State" to protect the Divine rights of both family and church "as regards the Christian education of its offspring" through legislative efforts if need be (49).
In his paradigm, Pius XI provides for the right of the state to create and direct schools whose activity is "intended to prepare for certain civic duties and especially for military service," so long as it allows the church to reserve for itself the education of its youth (51). But, as he argues for this essential separation of church and state, in recognizing that educational functions confer to both church and state, Pius XI recalls the words of Pope Leo XIII:
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