intellectual and emotional excitement among students.
Amdur (1993) contends that the integrated curriculum approach such as that found in DBAE increases student motivation and makes learning easier because lessons have wider applications. He also suggests that discipline-based art education promotes an interdisciplinary approach, particularly with social studies and language arts.
An empirical study conducted by Stephens (1996) indicates that DBAE in language arts instruction can be of strong benefit to students. Specifically, Stephens followed the progress of 11 elementary students who exhibited similar language-arts deficiencies and were treated with traditional and non-traditional language-arts remediation methods.
Non-traditional methods were exclusively Discipline-Based Art Education lessons that required students to observe, talk about, and write about art images using a DBAE framework. Portfolios maintained by the students during one complete school year included writings and art production.
Writings were marked using a color-coding system de
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