d to nitriles to give intermediate imine anions that can be hydrolyzed to yield ketones.
Acid halides are named by first identifying the acyl group, then the halide, e.g. acetyl chloride, benzoyl bromide. The acyl name comes from the acid, replacing -ic with -yl, or the carbonic acid with -carbonyl, e.g. cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride. Acid anhydrides are named by replacing the word acid with anhydride. Amines are named by replacing the -ic or -oic in the acid with amide, e.g. acetamide, or by replacing carboxylic with carboxamide, e.g. cyclopentanecarboxamide. Esters are named by first giving the name of the alkyl group attached to the oxygen, and then identifying the carboxylic acid, e.g. ethyl acetate, dimethylmalonate, or tert-Butylcyclohexanecarboxylate. Simple acyclic nitriles are named by adding nitrile as a suffix to the alkyl name, e.g. 4-Methylpentanenitrile, with the nitrile carbon numbered 1. The more complex nitriles are named as carboxylic acid derivatives, replacing -ic or -oic with -onitrile, e.g. acetonitrile, benzonitrile, or
2,2-Dimethylcyclohexanecarbonitrile.
Carboxylic acids can be made by oxidation reactions e.g. primary alcohols and esters can be oxidized to give caboxylic acids, or by hydrolysis of nitriles, and numerous other reactions. They can undergo reduction to alcohols; converted to esters using the Fischer esterification reaction; into acid halides and amides by substitution. Polymerization by a step-growth procedure of a diacid and a diamine yields nylon (e.g. adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine), and polymerization by chain-growth of a diacid and a dialcohol (e.g. Dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol) yields polyester.
A carbonyl compound with a hydrogen atom on its alpha carbon rapidly interconverts with its enol (unsaturated alcohol) isomer, and this type of isomerization is known as tautomerism, and the individual isomers are tautomers. Most carbonyl compounds exist ...