on of the theory to heavy metal music will be undertaken. Finally, phenomenological theory will also be explored and applied to the genre of heavy metal music, dr`wing on the worj of several published authors in the field. As Harris Berger (1999: 116) notes, examining this particular musical genre constitutes an "taking all of the forms of musical soundà .and seeing how they are actively and socially constructed in the subject's experience."
Marx's theory depends upon the assertion that society is divided into classes of the oppressed and the oppressors who remain in constant opposition to one another. He traced the rise of capitalism to the decline of feudalism as an effective industrial system and the growth of new markets after the colonization of the non-European world. Science, as a spur to the development of steam and machine production, made it possible for modern industry controlled by industrial millionaires to reach a position of prominence in the world market (Coser, 1977: 20; Jary & Jary, 1991:31). It was to the bourgeoisie, a class containing both the middle and upper classes that Marx turned in his analysis of why control over industry became centered in the hands of the few at the expense of the proletariat and which he saw as the source of conflict.
Marx argued further that in capitalist societies, all social bonds appear external to the individual and he stated that the various forms of the social nexus confront the individual as merely a means toward his private purposes, as an external necessity (Sayer, 1996: 60). The freedom of the individual to create or to produce is therefore truncated in Marxist theory by the existence of the bourgeoisie who subject all individuals within society to material forces which place personal limitations on the individual.
The major premises of Marxism apply directly to ethnomusicology in that Marx offers a critique of the production relationships between individual...