ontrol of developing a far-reaching restructuring of the South became known as Radicals. Among the leaders of the Radical Republicans were Senator Sumner, as well as Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio, and Representatives Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and George Julian of Indiana (Kolchin).
1865 brought significant achievements for blacks in America. In January 1865, Congress passed the 13th Amendment, which was ratified in December the same year, and expanded the scope of the Emancipation Proclamation by abolishing slavery throughout the United States. In March of the same year, Congress established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, commonly known as the Freedman's Bureau, which was designed as a relief agency, providing
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