ese factors are expected to lead to drug involvement however, more research is needed to support this prediction. It is hypothesized that this neighborhood deterioration is related to parental socialization and supervision problems which would predict alcoholism and substance abuse in teenagers (Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992).
Individual factors include physiological factors such as sensation seeking and a lack of harm avoidance which predict adolescent substance abuse. Poor impulse control predicts marijuana use in adolescence and sensation seeking is linked to monamine oxidase activity which is associated with adolescent alcoholism. Twin and adoption studies have shown that in males, monozygotic twins are twice as likely as dizygotic twins to be concordant for alcoholism in males and females, however the genetic factor is shown to be less than a 30% predictive factor (Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992).
Early behavioral problems such as antisocial behavior in childhood is linked to adult antisocial behavior and substance abuse. Aggressive behavior in boys is a predictor of later antisocial behavior. Hyperactivity and attention-deficit disorders are linked to delinquency and adolescent alcoholism when conduct problems such as aggression are involved. Academic failure is linked to adolescent drug abuse however, high grades have also been found to predict alcohol use in some cases. Low levels of school commitment, peer rejection in elementary school, association with drug-using peers, alienation and rebelliousness, and favorable attitudes toward drug use, are related to adolescent substance use. Early onset of substance use is predictive
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