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ure, rather than the other way around. Further, an instrument cannot be valid if it is not also reliable; however, just because it is reliable, it is not, of necessity, valid. To illustrate these points, consider, again, the case of the instrument calibrated in feet and inches which may be used to measure the height of a group of individuals. If the instrument does not measure the height of the same individual as being the same in measurement-after-measurement, it is not a reliab

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