those who are also special or who have achieved high status.
(5) Has a sense of entitlement, e.g. unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment or automatic compliance with wishes.
(6) Interpersonally exploitative, takes advantage of others to achieve own ends.
(7) Lacks empathy; is unwilling to recognize or identify with others' needs and feelings.
(8) Often envious and believes that others are envious of self.
(9) Shows arrogant and haughty behavior and attitudes.
Gabbard (1989) has stated that narcissistic personality disorder can be divided into two subtypes: the oblivious narcissist and the hypervigilant narcissist. These subtypes specifically refer to the person's predominant style of interacting, both in transference relationships with a therapist and in social relationships in general.
In oblivious NPD, the individual is said to be unaware of his or her impact on others, whereas in hypervigilant NPD, the individual is acutely aware of others' reactions. Gabbard (1989) states that while these two types of NPD may occur in pure form, many patients come to treatment with a mixture of phenomenological features from both types. Between these two endpoints will be many narcissistic individuals who are much smoother socially and who possess a great deal of interpersonal charm.
Kernberg (1989) provides an elaboration of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic criteria that is said to apply to the diagnosis of children. Major characteristics specific to children are said to included quality of friendships, pattern of school performance, gaze aversion, pathologic play, and separation anxiety. Certain developmental pathways (e.g., adopted and abused child, child of divorce, child whose parent dies) and parenting styles are said
...