ial-ethnic juvenile violence and supported the use of these theories with an evaluation of existing survey data. Thus an empirical investigation of theories was included.
Changes noted from this research are as follows. Findings from the study were that racial-ethnic violence in adolescents was related to community and family disadvantages, which supports the theories of structural social disorganization and cultural social isolation.
The measures for this study included data from the three waves of the NELS and U.S. zip-code data on local communities. There were 16,489 respondents who completed questionnaires in the base, first, and second follow-up; the sample for this analysis included 14,358 adolescents across 2,988 locales.
The causes of the effects were explained by the structural social disorganization and cultural social isolation theories. Racial-ethnic violence or fighting was associated with race/ethnic group membership and community and family disadvantages. Thus it was concluded that this violence was caused by structural socia
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