imination in today's business and academic environments. As Wallace (73) notes, "In these times of post-deindustrialization, deunionization, deregulation and downsizing, the efficacy of affirmative action strategies has come into question." In contrast to such views, those who support continuing affirmative action empowerment policies argue that despite gains there is a long way to go before all races and both genders have equal opportunities in American education and the workplace.
Views like the one above are supported by black advocacy groups, like the National Urban League (1), which reported in its 2005 annual report, The State of Black America, that "despite societal gains, the overall status of blacks is just 73 percent of their white counterparts." Across many socio-economic measures, women and minorities lag significantly behind their white male counterparts. This research will explore empowerment brought about as a result of affirmative action in the United States, including what works and does not work abo
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