talk. Winner (88) insists that new technological projects should not be engineered without considering their political impact and that all modern societies need to develop this skill of interpreting technological innovations in a political light, especially since in many cases creative engineers and technical professionals have "an appalling narrow-mindedness."
The third concept, barriers between social classes, is one that suggests that technology can polarize people as well as bring them together. Social classes include not just the traditional ones of rich and poor or educated and non-educated but also the technologically savvy and the technologically ignorant. In today's world, an individual-regardless of wealth or education-that does not know how to surf the Internet, download a file, or make a call from a cell phone is handicapped in ways that can seriously hinder his social, academic, and corporate success. Winner (89) contends that the knowledge and technological skills of technical experts need to flow over into the realm of ordinary citizens so that they too can be empowered to shape their world.
Winner's fourth concept, that the world is hierarchically structured, again reflects centralization of power and the freedom of the few to talk. In a hierarchy, the person or persons at the top
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