by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century. Gutenberg's invention truly revolutionized the world, in that it made books available for almost everyone (McLuhan 3). Up to Gutenberg's invention, books were hand-copied mainly by monks in monasteries, who besides copying books also illuminated the texts. Illumination is a distinct art form of the Middle Ages, which was considered essential, as it did not just serve as decoration but also made the texts more accessible to either illiterates or people with only limited re
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