wars" (Teens pm Tobacco..." 1994, p. 38).
Cigarette smoke was first identified as a health risk in 1964, when the Office of the Surgeon General identified health risks associated with primary smoke, that is, the cigarette smoke which is directly inhaled by smokers. Since that time, the health risks of smoking have been widely publicized, and restrictions on smoking have increased gradually. First, cigarette manufacturers were forced to display labels on cigarette packages which warned users that cigarettes were dangerous to their health. Next, the advertisement of cigarettes was banned from television and radio. However, in recent years, the proposed restrictions on cigarette use have increased, and not just because smoking is widely considered hazardous to the health of smokers (Janofsky, 1993, p. D8).
Just as health officials pointed out that cigarette smokers were being harmed by the smoke inhaled directly from their cigarettes, many people also began to question whether the smoke exhaled by these smokers was dangerous to nonsmokers inhabiting the same living space as smokers. These nonsmokers had little choice in the type of air they could breathe, since their air was filled with the smoke exhaled by smokers. The first serious indications that passive smoke may be harmful to nonsmokers came in 1985, when the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences studied the effects of smoking on the children of smokers. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences study found that the children of smoking fathers had about a 50 percent greater chance of developing all types of cancer than did those of nonsmoking fathers. Similarly, the children of smoking mothers were 2.7 times more likely to develop leukemia and lymphoma than the children of nonsmoking mothers ("Two More Bricks..." 1985, p. 312).
In addition to the findings of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, researchers at the Un...