Counseling and Development

Six stages of cultural development affect personality expression. Survival (stage one) results in mutual dependence on others. Meeting basic economic needs (stage two) results in personal determinism with group membership. Satisfaction of economic needs and acquired wants (third stage) results in a shift from balance of spirit, mind, body, and environment toward individual power of mind and will over the environment with diminished group dependence. During the fourth stage, a person becomes self-contained with an overindulgence of acquired wants, which may result in imbalance and fragmentation. Stage five is the search for meaning, identity, and a family substitute, to overcome emptiness. A search for remedies (stage six) results in new balance of self, others, and the environment (pp. 9-10).

Multicultural counseling objectives include the study of issues that are faced by different groups of people and the examination of counseling practices and services for these groups. Cultural awareness is necessary for appropriate diagnosis and treatment and the identification of client strengths and needs. The counselor must understand cross-cultural situations to work effectively and appropriately in the counseling setting. Culture-based approaches are necessary to determine the appropriate counseling theory and practice for the unique needs of each individual and the demands of the society they live i

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broader perspective of human development and life experience" (p. 10). Davidson and Anderson (1937), and Miller and Form (1951) researched career patterns for men and women and revealed determinants of career patterns. Super modified the findings and career patterns with characteristics for men included the following: stable (early entry into career), conventional, unstable (trial jobs), and multiple-trial (continual change). Women's categories included stable homemaking, conventional, stable working, double-track, interrupted, unstable, and multiple-trial. This framework was used for a study of vocational development of ninth-grade boys, to identify and validate vocational developmental tasks for each stage; findings would assist career education and counseling (pp. 26-28). Research on work motivation can be used for career counseling. This material helps the counselor develop and clarify motivational needs and ways to fill them, understand why people behave as they do in organizations, develop an awareness of the dynamics of work motivation, develop an awareness of the potential of organizational support in meeting needs, and understand obstacles in organizations that prevent need fulfillment. For example, Maslow dev
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Approximate Word count = 4278
Approximate Pages = 17 (250 words per page)

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