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!Kung-San Bushman

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There are few true hunter-gatherer societies living in the modern world. One of those societies, the !Kung-San Bushmen of Botswana and southern Africa, provide a unique and provocative look into societal evolution and the behavior of pre-agricultural and industrial societies. The life of the !Kung represents a way of life that was universal for Homo Sapiens until about 10,000 years ago, or with the advent of the agricultural revolution and all it entailed. With the !Kung, modern Anthropologists are able to glean "basic human social forms, language, and human nature." This paper will present an overview of the !Kung Bushmen, commenting on their physical and social environment, population and health, sex roles, childhood, family and marriage, kinship, and division of labor. One initial linguistic note: the Bushmen's oral language consists of a number of clicking sounds which are notated in Arabic letters by the use of an exclamation point "!" - witness the name, !Kung San.

The !Kung San are hunting and gathering people of southern Africa who live south of the Congo basin. For about three hundred years they have been called "Bushmen," but since that term now has pejorative connotations are now called the "San" or "!Kung San." They have lived in southern Africa for over 10,000 years, and archaeological evidence has suggested that their ancestors may have been in the area several thousand years before that.

Over the past few thousand years, however, the San have be

. . .
l. The men, in contrast, spend much of their time hunting. The !Kung try for the larger animals of the Kalahari such as giraffes, wildebeest, etc. One of the principle reasons for this is that the amount of meat that can be used from large kills allows the !Kung the luxury of not hunting for several days in a row. In that case, they often spend their times with rock and shell games, retelling oral traditions in the form of stories, and amusing themselves with conversations. Of course, the main work that the !Kung do surrounds the subsistence work of survival: hunting and gathering. They must also spend time making and maintaining their tools and supplies. The work is carried out by all members of society as soon as they are able, roughly from about four years of age until death. In actual time spent, the !Kung work only about 50 percent of the time - the rest of the time is spent in social activity and results from the manner in which every person in society works at an intensive rate for a few days, and then takes a few days off. Marriage happens at a young age for the San, and may occur as early as ten or eleven years old. Child bearing soon follows, with a woman's most productive years being from age twelve to twe
. . .

Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 1537
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page)

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