y-making level, the strategic level, the tactical level, the operational level, and the performance level, "where the work of the organization is actually done" (Simmons, p. 54).
Gareth Morgan has also noted that organizational structure provides a source for political control. Organizational structure is used as a "political instrument," for example, whenever structural developments "motivated by political considerations relating to issues of control" (Morgan, 1989, p. 163). It may be noted that those in control of an organization tend to be those ranked highest in the organization's structural hierarchy.
Bureaucracy is a common feature in most large organizations. As described by the sociologist Max Weber, bureaucracy "routinizes the process of administration exactly as the machine routinizes production" (Morgan, 1989, p. 24). It is widely believed that bureaucracy in organizations contributes positively to efficiency through "the creation of a fixed division of tasks, hierarchical supervision, and detailed rules and regulations" (Morgan, p. 25). As noted by Elliott Jaques, bureaucracy is
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