40.2 The fat cushion around the kidney is for protection of the organs (Applegate, 2000, 376).
40.3 Renal ptosis results from hypermobility of the kidney in the retroperitoneal space, usually in obese persons who have rapidly lost weight (Heptinstall, 1974, 77).
40.4 In a child under 1 ½ to 2 years of age, the bladder fills to a set point, then automatically empties (NKUDIC, 2004). As the child's nervous system matures, the brain begins to send messages to the bladder to keep it from automatically emptying until the child decides to void at a convenient time and place. This may not happen until 4 to 5 years of age.
40.4a Temporary incontinence may occur when the muscles around the bladder and urethra become stretched and lose muscle tone (Applegate, 2000, 385). This can be caused by stretching of the muscles in childbirth. Permanent incontinence in the adult is usually due to damage tot he central nervous system or extensive damage to the bladder or urethra.
40.9 The glomerulus is a high-pressure capillary bed because of its high permeability and large surface area (Fluid, 2003). The hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries is high and does not decrease much along the length of the capillary. The osmotic pressure of the capillary increases along its length because it is impermeable to proteins, but loses a large amount of fluid, and there is a net outward filtration pressure along its length.
40.9a The filtration rate of the glomerulus is directly related to the filtration pressure (Appelgate, 2000, 381). When filtration pressure increases, filtration rate increases, more filtrate is formed, and more urine is produced.
40.10 The brush border membrane of the proximal tubule cells enhances their ability to reabsorb substances from the filtrate by greatly enhancing their surface area (Ross, Romrell and Kaye, 1995, 571).
40.11 Tubular secretion is the method used to eliminate drugs such as penicillin from ...