The Kidneys

40.2 The fat cushion around the kidney is for protection of the organs (Applegate, 2000, 376).

40.3 Renal ptosis results from hypermobility of the kidney in the retroperitoneal space, usually in obese persons who have rapidly lost weight (Heptinstall, 1974, 77).

40.4 In a child under 1 � to 2 years of age, the bladder fills to a set point, then automatically empties (NKUDIC, 2004). As the child's nervous system matures, the brain begins to send messages to the bladder to keep it from automatically emptying until the child decides to void at a convenient time and place. This may not happen until 4 to 5 years of age.

40.4a Temporary incontinence may occur when the muscles around the bladder and urethra become stretched and lose muscle tone (Applegate, 2000, 385). This can be caused by stretching of the muscles in childbirth. Permanent incontinence in the adult is usually due to damage tot he central nervous system or extensive damage to the bladder or urethra.

40.9 The glomerulus is a high-pressure capillary bed because of its high permeability and large surface area (Fluid, 2003). The hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries is high and does not decrease much along the length of the capillary. The osmotic pressure of the capillary increases along its length because it is impermeable to proteins, but loses a large amount of fluid, and there is a net outward filtration pressure along its length.

40.9a The filtration rate of the glomerulus is directly related to t

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(alkaline, enhance sperm motility) and bulbourethral glands (alkaline, mucus-like, lubricate tip of penis) (Applegate, 2000, 400). 42.7 The importance of seminal fluid being alkaline is that it neutralizes the acidity of the urine residue in the urethra, and helps to neutralize the acidity of the vagina (Applegate, 2000, 400). 42.8 The spermatic cord consists of the ductus deferens, testicular artery and veins, lymph vessels, testicular nerve, cremaster muscle, and a connective tissue covering (Applegate, 2000, 399). 42.9a. The spermatic cord begins at the tail of the epididymis and enters the abdominopelvic cavity through the inguinal canal and passes along the lateral pelvic wall (Applegate, 2000, 399). It crosses over the ureter and posterior portion of the bladder, then descends along the posterior wall of the bladder toward the prostate gland. Each ductus deferens then enlarges to form an ampulla just before it reaches the prostate gland. 42.9 a) seminiferous tubules c) epididymis d) ductus deferens e) urethra b) rete testis (Applegate, 2000, 396). 42.10 Cryptorchidism is a condition in which one or both of the testes have not descended into the scrotum (Andreoli, Bennett, Carpenter, Plum and Smith, 19

Category: Science - T