the body (Applegate, 2000, 383). Tubular secretion of hydrogen ions plays an important role in regulating the pH of the blood, and tubular secretion helps get rid of waste products from cellular metabolism. Tubular secretion is also used to get rid of molecules of potassium, creatinine and histamine.
40.12 The glomerular filtrate is an ultrafiltrate of blood, and normally contains no plasma proteins or blood cells Applegate, 2000, 381). Otherwise, the two fluids are of similar composition.
40.13 renal artery - segmental artery -interlobular artery - arcuate artery -afferent arteriole - glomerular capillary - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillary - arcuate vein - interlobular vein - segmental vein - renal vein (Applegate, 2000, 379).
40.14 The juxtaglomerular apparatus at the hilus of the glomerulus is made up of granular epithelial cells usually found in the terminal portion of the afferent arteriole, the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule, and a group of cells between the macula densa and the glomerulus (lacis cells) (Heptinstall, 1974, 26). It is concerned with sodium metabolism and renin production. Renin is involved in blood pressure regulation.
40.15 glomerular capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - descending limb - loop of Henle - ascending limb - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct - minor calyx - major calyx - ureter - bladder - urethra (Applegate, 2000, 376-379).
40.17 The urinary bladder has a transitional epithelium, which allows it to expand as the bladder fills (Applegate, 2000, 379). The bladder epithelium folds into ruggae when the bladder is empty, and these flatten out as the bladder fills and expands.
41A.1 Normal urine production is 1 -2 liters per 24-hour period, with an average of 1,500 ml (Applegate, 2000, 385).
41A.2a water - greater (Applegate, 2000, 361-364)
41A.2i red blood cells - absent in both
41A.3 Urinalysis is a routine part of any good physical exa...