d by culture shock (Berger, 1987).
CAUSES OF, ADJUSTMENT TO, AND IMPLICATIONS OF
A major cause of culture shock is the loyalty felt by an individual to her or his native culture when confronted with alien values and attitudes in an environment wherein the alien values and attitudes are the societal norms (Kaplan, & Sadock, 1987). In such a situation, an individual is required to face new societal mores, and both unlearn and relearn the automatic daily cues of social behavior (Kaplan, & Sadock, 1987). Indi duals affected by culture shock experience a variety of emo tions, which include anxiety, depression, and a sense of loss 3which is close in its manifestation to the process of mourning (Kaplan, & Sadock, 1987, p. 1875).
The concept of value has several distinct meanings. To many, a value seems to be synonymous with attitude; an attitude being a predisposition to act in a certain way. An attitude is a mental and neural state of readiness, organized through the process of experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influ ence upon an individual's response to all objects and situa tions with which he or she is related. Perhaps more basic than an attitude, or even underlying attitude, a value is a type of belief, centrally located within one's total belief system, about how one ought or ought not to behave, or about some end state of existence worth or not worth attaining. Thus, a value may be viewed both as a predisposition to act (attitude), and as an estimation of worth of an action. Value is a more abstract construct than attitude. Values may express either personal or social preference, and they may serve either as ends or as means to ends.
There is general agreement that values cause attitudes, but there is "not a one to one relationship between particular attitudes and particular values (Mueller, 1986, p. 5). Rather, a single attitude is 'caused' by many values by one's whole value system, in fact" (Mueller,...