1986, p. 5). Language differences are also a source of culture shock (Martin, 1986). Language is often a major barrier for indivi duals who find themselves in an alien environment. Language difficulties are a major source of the stress associated with 4culture shock, which is experienced by individuals (Mena, Padilla, & Maldonado, 1987).
Cultural differences in the approach to learning and school are also sources of culture shock, when the individuals affected are students. Culturally pluralistic dimensions are not incorporated into the educational systems in most coun tries, and such incorporation is often either ineffective or half heartedly implemented in the United States, where the approach is championed. Rather, cultural imperialism is the norm in most societies. Cultural imperialism has been described as "the curricula efforts of the ideology of assimi lation," in which an "arrogance of power is exhibited by the need to 'raise the consciousness' of other cultural groups and fr
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