on profit centers [e.g., product groups, geographic markets, and so forth.
Coordinating. Coordination is achieved by large organizations through a process of scheduling of operational activities and then monitoring progress toward both interim and end points. The use of schedules and monitoring facilitates liaison among organizational units to assure effective coordination.
Commanding. Large organizations tend to approach the process of commanding through the development of hierarchical structures that clearly define authority lines within the organizational structure. In the ear of team-based organization, however, many people in contemporary large organizations frequently find that they are answerable to multiple commanders.
Controlling. Large organizations approach to process of control through the development, implementation, and adherence to standard operating procedures that are supplemented with measurable objectives. The process of controlling is applied by large organizations to assure that the output of organizational activity is consistent with planned attainment. Many large organizations also have a structure of rewards (penalties) for attainment (non-attainment) of objectives.
Organization Chart. An organization chart provides a graphical illustration of the structure of an organization, the interrelationships among components of an organization, and the lines of responsibility and authority within an organization. A home office executive could use an organization chart to identify responsible personnel in a distant organizational component, as well as the resources committed to the component in question.
Flow Process Chart. A flow process chart is a graphical representation of all of the steps, activities, or functions involved in a process comprised of related or interdependent actions. A flow process chart also illustrates the sequence within which the various steps, activities, or functions are int...