ically are superior in validity to data developed through the conduct of survey research or experiments. Field research typically suffers in reliability, however, because of the narrowness of the observe base. Researcher observations during the conduct of field research tend to be quite personal in nature; thus, lacking in objectivity. With respect to reliability, there is no assurance that a second observer would characterize an observation in the same what that the observation was characterized by an initial observer.
d. Content Analysis. Content analysis tends to be higher in reliability than in validity. As content analysis is limited to the examination of recorded communication, a researcher cannot state with certainty that communication which was recorded is more representative or valid of a situation or event than wax that communication that was not recorded. By contrast with surveys, experiments, and field research, however, a researcher mad code and recode data in content analysis to improve the reliability of the product.
2. List two types of non-probability sampling methods and two types of probability sampling methods.
Two types of non-probability sampling are (a) availability sampling, which also is known as convenience sampling, and (b) quote sampling, which is an effort to improve the representativeness of a non-probability sample. Two examples of probability sampling are (a) simple random sampling, wherein random numbers are used to select subjects from a population, and
...