ion 4) may be manifest in gambling, reckless driving, or drug, food, or sexual excesses. This impulsivity sometimes evolves into suicidal or self-mutilating behavior (Criterion 5): "These self-destructive acts are usually precipatated by threats of separation or rejection or by expectations that they assume increased responsibility" (DSM-Iv, 1994, p. 651). About 10 percent of such individuals are successful in their suicide attempts. Research by Russ et al. indicates that BPD individuals do not feel pain during episodes of self-injurious behavior: "Ratings of depression, anxiety, impulsiveness, dissociation, and trauma symptoms were higher in the women who did not experience pain while injuring themselves, as were the number of suicide attempts and the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse" (p. 1869).
BPD individuals also exhibit intense, inappropriate affective behavior (Criterion 6). The average time span of this behavior, which can include uncontrolled anger, bitterness, anxiety, etc., is usually a few hours. Again, the episodes are generally triggered
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