ograd and Flores, 1991, p. 105).
Generally, artificial intelligence researchers set up correspondences between formulas and the objects being represented "in such a way that the operations achieve the desired veridicality" (Winnograd and Flores, 1991, p. 105). The assumptions that underlie this approach are as follows (Winnograd and Flores, 1991, pp. 105-106):
1. There is a structure of formal symbols that can be manipulated according to a precisely defines and well-understood system of rules.
2. There is a mapping through which the relevant properties of the domain can be represented as symbol structures. This mapping is systematic in that a community of programmers can agree as to what a given structure represents.
3. There are operations that manipulate the symbols in such a way as to produce veridical results to derive new structures that represent the domain in such a way that the programmers would find them accurate representations. Programs can be written that combine these operations to produce desired results. In designing a program to carry out some task, the programmer "thinks in terms of the subject domain and the highest . . . level that exists for the programming system, dealing with the objects and operations it makes available" (Winnograd and Flores, 1991, p. 107).
Object-oriented programming has the ability to simplify computer software (Verity and Schwartz, 1991, pp. 92-95). Such simplification will, in most instances, enhance the productivity of users. Object-oriented programming is also being applied to data base management through the use of C++ (Object oriented, 1990, p. 48). Data base management provides three separate types of functions. First, end users may ask for information from a data base by using a simple query language (also known as report writer language), which consists of English language-like statement, and receive immediate responses from...