amework established by Freud and attempted to reconcile his theory with her observations about women's psychology.
In 1934 Horney moved to New York where she taught and worked as an analyst and supervisor at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute. In these years, from 1934 to 1941, Horney broke away from Freud's theory. She became well known as the proponent of a redefined, neo-Freudian psychoanalysis in which Freud's general "biological orientation" was replaced with a new emphasis on "culture and interpersonal relationships" (Paris 135). This new emphasis caused some discomfort as it became increasingly clear to her Institute colleagues that Horney was unable to support many basic tenets of Freud's theory. But when, in 1939, she published New Ways in Psychoanalysis, "a systematic critique of Freud" in which she completely rejected many of the basics of psychoanalysis, the book "aroused such great resentment that [her colleagues] forced her to resign" (Paris 136).
Thus, in 1941 Horney and others founded the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis (AAP), the American Institute for Psychoanalysis, and the American Journal of Psychoanalysis. Horney served as Dean of the Institute, which certified psychoanalysts for membership in the AAP and other psychoanalytic societies, and as editor of the journal until her death. It was during the period 1941-52 that Horney developed her mature theory in which she held, basically, that neurotic people cope with anxiety by disregarding their spontaneous feelings and developing complicated defensive strategies. Her theory was based on the notion of psychological growth and development as a natural process and she held that "neurosis is a self-perpetuating p
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