nceptual framework or "shcemall derived from Adlerian environmental theory on one hand and systems theory on the other, which will allow therapists to account for multicultural issues, family and social/environmental systems, and individual counseling praxis.
The fact that views about integrative or eclectic theory appear to be so strongly held in the scholarly community, particularly in the last ten years, suggests that the entire approach to psychotherapeutic theory and practice is undergoing something of a transformation. The evidence of various scholarly publications is that eclecticism as a practical therapeutic approach and integrationism as a theoretical approach involve not only the therapeutic implications of dealing with body and mind but also the implications of various ways, both traditional and nontraditional, of understanding how the mind works.
The classical psychoanalyst inherits a tradition that characterizes both theory and method, chiefly from Jung, Adler, and Freud. On the Freudian view, for example, neuroses are sex centered, and once underlying, prerational, sexual, or repressed trauma is discovered and faced, neurosis can be cured. Adler rejects the sex orientation in favor of analysis of environment and systematic relationships. What is most significant for the present research in this regard is that competing theories have characterized psychotherapy from its beginning phases. Further, many contemporary views of psychotherapy date from the classical period. For example, Fromm-Reichmann notes that Freud "was the first to understand and describe the psychotherapeutic process in terms of an interpersonal experience between patient and psychiatrist" (1950, p. 3). Hence Fromm-Reichmann's focus on developing in the therapist an understanding of his or her part in the relationship, the importance of listening, and the importance of knowing what to interpret and when, with a view toward guiding the patien...