studied to investigate a problem. Theory also suggests the most productive approaches to the investigation of a problem. Lastly, theory summarizes what is already known about a problem.
A research design, first of all, is a plan that specifies the sources and types of information relevant to the research question to be investigated (Emory, 1993, p. 83). Secondly, a research design is a strategy that specifies the approach that will be used in collecting and analyzing the necessary data. A research design, thus, is a master plan specifying methods and procedures, and an action framework for the work to be performed (Zigmund, 1992, p. 47).
There are several approaches to the conduct of research that may be specified in the research design. Scholarly research may be classified broadly as (1) formal, (2) action, and (3) causal (Isaac & Michael, 1992, pp. 42-43). Formal scholarly research encompasses (1) historical research, (2) descriptive research, (3) developmental research, (4) case and field studies, (5) correlational research, (6) true experimental research, and (7) quasi-experimental research (Cohen & Manion, 1994, pp. 10-15). Action research seeks to develop new skills or new approaches to problem solution. Such research is practical and directly relevant to an actual situation in the working world. Causal research seeks to identify possible cause and effect relationships by observing some existing outcome, and searching backward through relevant data for possible causal factors.
Research Approach and Research Requirements
As a group, the formal approaches to scholarly research differ from both action research and causal research in 10 areas. These differences are as follows:
As a group, the formal approaches to scholarly research differ from both action research and causal research in 10 areas. These differences are as follows:
1. Researcher training requirements:
a. Formal: Extensive training is re...