quired in measurement, statistics, and research methods.
b. Action: Limited training is required in statistics and research methods.
c. Causal: No training is required.
a. Formal: The goals of formal scholarly research are to obtain knowledge that may be generalized to a broad population, and to develop and test theories.
b. Action: The goals of action scholarly research are to obtain knowledge that may be applied directly to a local situation.
c. Causal: The goal of causal scholarly research is to effect changes in current procedures that appear likely to improve an existing situation.
a. Formal: Problem identification in formal scholarly research occurs through the application of a wide range of methods. Researchers are required to understand the nature of the problem, but are not required to be directly involved with the problem situation.
b. Action: Problems are identified in local situations where difficulties or ineffic
...