s of leadership and leaders, (3) models of leadership behavior, (4) team-based organization and leadership, (4) organizational commitment and leadership, (5) organizational culture and leadership, (6) empowerment and leadership, (7) power and leadership, (8) collaborative leadership, (9) contingency leadership, (10), matrix leadership, (11) "In Search of Excellence," (12) authoritarian leadership: Genesco & Geneen, and (13) transactional and transformational leadership.
Evolution of Leadership Theory & Concepts
New concepts and perceptions of leadership are developed in part in recognition of the fact that most "solutions" offered to the growing problems of leadership over the past four or five decades in fact have been little more than hand-wringing restatements of the problem that in and of themselves tended to exacerbate the problem more than clarify the underlying issues (Gardner, 1990). Over the past forty or so years, hundreds of books and thousands of articles have been written on leadership, motivation, and related topics. The general thrust of most of this writing has been that some form of participative, or non-authoritarian leadership is required, as opposed to an autocratic approach to leadership. Having once made such an assessment, however, the general pattern is for the author to present some complex leadership stratagem or technique that must be followed, as opposed to providing insights into the underlying tenets of effective leadership. A major problem with stratagems and techniques is that they are usually developed within a set of unique organizational conditions, and, thus, are not easily and effectively transferable to a different set of conditions. The typical result is that the stratagem or technique is discarded when it is found to lack a characteristic of universality in application, and someone quickly offers a new leadership theory.
Defining Leadership. Peter Drucker (1954) wrote that leadershi...