p "is of the utmost importance. Indeed there is no substitute for it. But leadership cannot be created or promoted. It cannot be taught or learned" (p. 107). Thus, Drucker supported the premise that leadership is an art, based upon the old saw that leadership is an art, not a science, and that a science can be learned but an art cannot, or the even older homily that says that leaders are born, not made.
Bradford Boyd (1994) said that leadership is, simply, "getting people to work to achieve the goals of the enterprise. It's giving people something to work for" (p. 324). Boyd, thus, appeared to support the concept of leadership as a science, something that can be taught and learned. Sven Lundstedt (1975) said that leadership "is the ability to influence the behavior of others in a group or organization, set up goals for a group, formulate paths to the goals, and create some social norms in the group" (p. 164). This definition includes some aspects that are arguably learnable; however, the "ability to infl
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