care relationship, (5) expressing positive and negative feelings, (6) creative problem solving caring process, (7) transpersonal teaching learning, (8) supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment, (9) human needs assistance, and (1) existential phenonenological spiritual forces.
Both Watson (1990, pp. 277 288) and Leininger (1993, pp. 3 18) identify nursing as a humanistic science with the concept of caring as the central unifying theme in practice. Watson's (1990, pp. 277 288) model is primarily humanistic in character; however, while Leininger's (1993, pp. 105 121) is primarily cultural in orientation.
The practice of nursing takes place within a culture. This culture is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientations among the members of both the nursing profession and the larger society of which the profession is a part. It is the subjective realm which underlies and give meaning to nursing actions. The components include cognitive orientations, affective orientations and evaluative orientations, or, in other words, judgments and opinions about factors involved in the process of nursing.
Leininger (1993, pp. 33 54) defines caring in terms of nurturant and skillful activities, processes, decisions to assist people on their own terms, and the philosophic, theoretical, and applied aspec
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