m to be investigated to the association of selected causal factor with job satisfaction considered in a unidimensional context.
Kramer and Hafner (1989, p. 172) established the significance to a health care organization of common and shared values among the professional staff. While not clearly stating such an association, Kramer and Hafner (1989, p. 172) implied that an absence of common and shared values among professional nurses could adversely affect job satisfaction among such individuals. The problem investigated was then narrowed to an assessment of the effect on levels of job satisfaction of the level of common and shared values among professional nurses (Kramer and Hafner, 1989, p. 172). The Lucas (1991, p. 119) study was similar to that of Kramer and Hafner (1989, p. 172) in that each study investigated the effect of a single factor on the level of job satisfaction among nurses. Lucas (1991, p. 119) noted that the concept of participative management increasingly was being integrated into the management of healthcare organizations, and that this approach to management held a potential to affect job satisfaction among nurses. Lucas (1991, p. 119) narrowed the focus of her investigation to the effect on job satisfaction among nurses of a participative management style.
An older study conducted by Slavitt, Stamps, Piedmont and Hasse (1978, p. 114) observed that dynamic changes that were occurring in the delivery of healthcare in the late 1970s might also result in changes of job satisfaction among professional nurses. Slavitt, Stamps, Piedmont, and Hasse (1978, p. 114) were not concerns with the causal factors related to job satisfaction among nurses as they were with the accurate measurement of job satisfaction. Slavitt, Stamps, Piedmont, and Hasse (1978, p. 114) narrowed the focus of their investigation to the development of a measurement instrument, but were less clear in their explanation of the factors that would...