ectives, without regard for African considerations.4 Thus, according to Mazuri, although both Judaism and Islam have influenced the development of African civilization, their influences have been neither as alien nor as destructive to indigenous social, political, and economic structures as have western influences.5Western actions in Africa have been both pervasive and destructive in Africa.6 Although the effects on African civilization of western actions have tended to vary according to the unique circumstances of each African country, the general
3A. A. Mazuri, The Africans: A Triple Heritage (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1986), 7.
6D. Boamah Waife, Africa Today: Its Peoples and Contemporary Cultures, 2nd ed. (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1988), 23.
nature of the effects have been similar in all countries across the continent.7
Pre Colonial and Colonial Development
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