t Disorder (ODD).
There are both differences and similarities in behavioral patterns in children and adolescents with CD, ODD, or ADHD. Cameron (2004) states that a key similarity is that all of these disorders are socially disruptive and distressing to others. Further, they often occur together and have some overlapping symptoms. In addition, without intervention, all three of these orders tend to persist and therefore, all three require early identification and treatment in order to disrupt the negative course or progression of the disorder.
However, Cameron (2004) also points out that there are some differing symptoms. For example, whereas ADHD is characterized primarily by attentional problems and restless activity, Oppositional Defiant Disorder is primarily characterized by a negative, argumentative, and hostile behavior pattern. On the other hand, Conduct Disorder is primarily characterized by a persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that repeatedly violates the rights of others.
Barley (2000) states that several etiological theories have been proposed to account fo ADHD. Biogenetic theories hold that there is a genetic component causative of the disorder which is shown by an 80 percent correspondence rate. However, neurobiologic theories say it is largely a neurobiological condition as evidenced by structural abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Further, PET scans show reduced glucose metabolism (brain activity) in the frontal region. Neurotransmitters also appear to be involved; these include dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin which are influenced by treatment medications.
Other etiological models, according to Barley (2000), state that pregnancy, birth complications and problems with early development may explain ADHD. These would include factors such as low birth weight, malnutrition, early neurological trauma, diseases of infancy, and maternal drug and/or alcohol abus...