1989, pp. 172 174), as was true of Blegen and Mueller (1987, pp. 228 229), did not clearly state a specific hypothesis. Further, the authors did not predict relationships between variables (Kramer and Hafner, 1989, pp. 172 174). Thus, the reader was not in a position to efficiently identify implied hypotheses. Kramer and Hafner (1989, pp. 172 174), while not providing explicit definitions of important terms, did include such definitions in textual definitions. Kramer and Hafner (1989, pp. 173 175) described and explained the analysis of variance design employed in the study. The design was appropriate for the study purpose. The population for the Kramer and Hafner (1989, p. 173) study included the registered nurse staff at 41 Magnet Hospitals located in all regions of the country. A one third sample was selected that was proportionate by geographical region (Kramer and Hafner, 1989, p. 173). Both the population and the sample were representative and could be replicated. The Nursing Work Index, a standard instrument, was employed in the Kr
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