population and the sample were representative and could be replicated. A questionnaire was developed especially for the Blegen and Mueller (1987, p. 231) study. This questionnaire was appropriate for the study purpose. Confidence limits for the quantitative results of the Blegen and Mueller (1987, p. 233) study were established, but these confidence limits were not identified per se in the report of the study results. Results are difficult to assess in the absence of confidence limits. Blegen and Mueller's (1987, pp. 234 236) research conclusions were consistent with the findings reported by the study, appeared to be unbiased, and were appropriate for the study purpose.
Kramer and Hafner (1989, p. 172) established the significance to a health care organization of common and shared values among the professional staff. While not clearly stating such an association, Kramer and Hafner (1989, p. 172) implied that an absence of common and shared values among professional nurses could adversely affect job satisfaction among such individuals. The problem investigated was then narrowed to an assessment of the effect on levels of job satisfaction of the level of common and shared values among professional nurses (Kramer and Hafner, 1989, p. 172). Kramer and Hafner (1989, pp. 173 175) delineated a theoretical basis for the measurement of job satisfaction, and for the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity on the job. Kramer and Hafner (1989, pp. 173 175), however, did not clearly establish a theoretical link between job satisfaction and common and shared values within an organization. By contrast with Blegen (1993, p. 36) and Blegen and Mueller (1987, p. 227), Kramer and Hafner (1989, pp. 172 175) did not establish the significance to the practice of nursing of either common and shared values among nurses or job satisfaction among nurses. The significance to the practice of nursing must be known. Kramer and Hafner (...