Thus, from the time the Pilgrims landed in 1620, and throughout the course of the seventeenth century, the English method of policing was implemented in the new colonies. Justices were in charge of maintaining peace in their jurisdictions, and the constables were responsible for supervising the watchmen, who in turn made arrests, served warrants and investigated problems. It was no long before all of the New England settlements had established some method of policing its own territory. In New Amsterdam (New York), peace officers, known as the ôschout-fiscalö and later the ôconstable watch,ö were appointed to maintain order (Eldefonso, Coffey & Grace, 1982, p. 21). Boston appointed justices of the justices of the peace; Philadelphia created a system called the ôwatch and wardö which, like its English counterpart, simply meant law enforcement was to be implemented both day and night (Eldefonso, Coffey & Grace, 1982, p. 21).
Although these basic forms of policing were sufficient for the initial settlements, as America, and in particular its cities, became more populated, these elementary fo
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