he United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attackedö (Lord, 1957, 218). While there is little denying the attack was deliberate, there is evidence it was not quite as sudden or unexpected as Roosevelt stated.
There are many who like to lay the blame for Pearl Harbor at the feet of Roosevelt. However, when looking at the facts that have come to light since the attack on Pearl Harbor, it is obvious that Roosevelt, BritainÆs Winston Churchill and United States intelligence forces all played a role in the unfolding of the attack. Nevertheless, Roosevelt seems to have been the one least responsible for any purposeful provocation of the Japanese. Churchill had long sought United States involvement in the war. Some speculate that intelligence information known by the British was delayed from getting into United States hands because of purposeful intent by Churchill. As Russbridger and Nave (1991) argue, the maneuver was part of ChurchillÆs overall plan to involve the United States in a war he was at the time losing:
It was to be many years before the truth began to trickle out and it finally became plain that, had Britain shared with the Americans its full knowledge of the work of FECB and GCCS against Japanese naval codes throughout 1941, the attack on Pearl Harbor would never have occurred...The denial of this information was no accident but the deliberate policy of Churchill (154).
Evidence has also come to light that American intelligence forces improperly communicated with those who may have been able to prevent the attack or at least be prepared to combat it. Japanese code breakers working in the Honolulu consulate intercepted messages of dire consequences concerning Pearl Harbor, but these were given little importance. Ensign Yoshikawa of the Japanese Navy was being used as a spy under the nam
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