programmers and that developed by outside consultants. This software was stated and tested in the null form.
The decade of the 1980s was widely considered as the time of the "birth of the information environment" (Zuboff, 1982, p. 148). The information environment, of course, is highly dependent upon the application of computer technology to all facets of management and organization. During the rapid expansion phase, when computerized information systems were being widely adopted by organizations, many organizations found it necessary to develop, staff, and maintain large, in house data management and processing service organizations. These service organizations provided almost cradle to grave service for their in house client who were unused to and uncomfortable with computer technology, and who were being provided with hardware and software for which completely reliable performance had yet to be perfecte
...