certain metaphysical beliefs that are held by members of the scientific community, such as “Gas molecules behave like tiny elastic billiard balls in random motion.” Further, there are shared values held by scientific community members that they use to produce their own theories, such as any theory should be consistent with other proven and established theories. These generalizations, underlying metaphysical beliefs and values are sociological elements of science and scientific progress. They are also three of four elements which Kuhn believes comprise a paradigm. The fourth is an intellectual element and concerned the concrete problem situations which scientists are asked to solve after they learn the particular subject of their science and scientific community. Kuhn referred to these problem situations are “exemplars” which allow the scientists to have a model that demonstrates how specific problems in a particular discipline are to be solved. Through the use of their own
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