and Rollnick (2002) stated that Phase 1 of MI includes the building of motivation for change. During this phase the counselor helps the client understand the importance of change and their level of confidence related to this undertaking. Five early methods that can be used for every session include the following: ask open questions; listen reflectively; affirm; summarize; and elicit change talk (pp. 65-77). Rogers' client centered therapy is a nondirective approach that simply provides a conducive (empathetic and caring with unconditional regard) atmosphere that allows the client's intrinsic nature toward change to unfold. Alternatively, MI is described as a directive but client-centered approach. While this technique is always directive toward resolving ambivalence to facilitate change, beyond this the level of directive influence fluctuates depending on goals. The goal of MI is to enhance intrinsic motivation toward change. MI is nondirective in that it is not directed toward a particular change outcome. The counselor responds to resistance using reflective and other types of responses. Confidence talk is elicited and strengthened.
Phase 2 of MI includes a strengthening of commitment to change. For this stage the counselor must recognize readiness for change. Signs of this readiness include: decreased resistance; decreased discussion of the problem; resolve; change talk; questions about change; envisioning; and experimenting (p. 127). Hazards are watched for during this phase, such as underestimating ambivalence, over prescription, and insufficient direction (pp. 128-9). Recapitulation or summarizing the client's current situation is the manner in which Phase 2 is initiated. This is followed with negotiating a change plan and the final part of the phase, transition (from the initial motivational consultation to action-focused counseling if desired). While MI helps to motivate a client toward change, it is argued tha...