public administration, an hypothesis was formulated for this research. This hypothesis is stated as follows: The increase in black representation in American pub lic administration is primarily a function (1) demographic changes in some American cities, and (2) governmental affirma tive action plans.
Four major factors have been cited as causal factors for the increase in black representation in American public admin istration. There four factors are (1) improved educational opportunities for black Americans, translated into higher levels of educational attainment by blacks, (2) 25 years of aggressive desegregation efforts particularly with respect to 3affirmative action programs, (3) a change in racial demogra phics in many American cities, and (4) the elimination of the military draft, which created an all volunteer armed forces establishment in the United States. The hypothesis formulated for this research cited two of these four factors as the pri mary causal factors demographic changes in some American cities, and governmental affirmative action plans. In testing this hypothesis, however, all four of the factors are examined. Additionally, information pertaining to the change in black representation in American pulbic administration is presented.
CHANGES IN BLACK REPRESENTATION IN AMERICAN
In 1989, there existed a broad spectrum of black represen tation in American public administration. There were 305 black mayors, and 2,705 blacks were members of municipal governing boards, city councils, and so forth (Joint Center for Political Studies, 1990). In the state legislatures, there were 423 black representatives, assembly men and women, and senators, and there were 23 black members of the United States House of Representatives (Joint Center for Political Studies, 1990). The total elected black representation at all levels of govern ment in the United States was more than seven thousand in 1989 (Joint Center for...