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d research is lowback pain which is not accompanied an obviously organic cause. The problem statement is as follows: Are psychological coping techniques as effective as orthomolecular nutritional therapies, physical therapies, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), a nontraditional therapy, in dealing with lowback pain where no obvious organic cause of the pain is present?

Study Questions

Two study questions have been formulated for the proposed research study. These study questions are stated as follows:

1. Are psychological coping techniques as effective as orthomolecular nutritional therapy in dealing with lowback pain where no obvious organic cause of the pain is present? 2. Are psychological coping techniques as effective as physical therapy in dealing with lowback pain where no obvious organic cause of the pain is present?

3. Are psychological coping techniques as effective as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in dealing with lowback pain where no obvious organic cause of the pain is present?

Independent and dependent variables related to each of the three study questions are identified and defined in this section, as are extraneous variables. The independent and dependent variables are as follows:

1. Study question one. The independent variable is the approach to the control of lowback pain. The first approach is psychological coping, which includes such strategies as (a) keeping busy to forget the problem, (b) trying harder to make things work, and (c) counseling to reduce stress (Crook, Tunks, Kalaher, & Roberts, 1988). The second approach is orthomolecular nutritional therapy, which is comprised of a combination of diet, diet supplements, and injections. The dependent variable is the level of lowback pain experienced. Lowback pain is defined as such pain experienced for one year or longer (...