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The personal style of the negotiators in the Far East is a mixed style but is primarily nonverbal, although verbal and listening attributes do play a part. In the article by Martin, Herbig, Howard, and Borstoff (1999), the authors describe the Japanese negotiation style. They explain that "The Japanese often use little verbal activity, nod frequently, use silence, and even close their eyes while others are speaking" (Martin, Herbig, Howard, & Borstoff, 1999, p. 66). Except for the final attribute of closing their eyes, these manifestations are all strictly nonverbal ones. Closing the eyes is, in fact, a nonverbal communication of sorts, but it signifies that the negotiators are listening intently to what is being said, so in that sense it also includes listening. The Japanese are careful not to display emotion, as this is considered bad form and can precipitate a loss of face (Martin, Herbig, Howard, & Borstoff, 1999, p. 66). The article by Paik and Tung (1999, p.

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The question to be addressed in this brief report is: Why did the Sumerians find it necessary to form temple communities? Walter R. Bodine (22-23) described the Sumerians as a Mesopotamian people concentrated in the lower part of the alluvial plain that comprises southern Mesopotamia, and which is generally referred to as Babylonia. Their major cities - Eridu, Ur, Larsa, Uruk, Bad-Tiibira, Lagash, Nina, Girsu, Ummua, Usub, Shurippak, and Nippur - were home to assemblies of free citizens who came together to create legal codes and mechanisms for maintaining social order and reverence for the pantheon of Sumerian gods. At the center of every city was a temple which served as the home of the chief deity worshipped in the city. In fact, as this essay will demonstrate, the ancient Sumerian cities were developed around the temple as the central focus of social, political and religious life because of the belief held by the Sumerians that the people were essentially little more than se

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Joseph Conrad's novel, Heart of Darkness, offers readers a unique opportunity to journey in search of a man's soul while also recognizing that Conrad is telling a story of man's participation in the "age of discovery" which included the expansion of European colonial power into areas such as Africa. The environment of the "dark continent" exerts its influence on both Marlow and Kurtz, shaping their disparate understandings of their environment and their own mission. Narrators may be central to the action of a story or merely a device used by an author to gain some distance from that action. The point-of-view is initially focused on Kurtz but it becomes Marlow's story as he recognizes his culpability in colonialism. As Kinkead-Weekes (32) notes, "Kurtz: the white man going to pieces in the tropics, the absence of restraint, the 'freedom' taken in terms of pure power, the probe going into a hollowness, the empty shells of what were homes, a human ribcage that should have con

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In The Metamorphosis, Franz Kafka binds our sympathies to the man who becomes a cockroach, Gregor Samsa, by demonstrating his (and our) vulnerability to forces beyond our control. As Kafka (67) informs us, "As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect." He combines characterization and point-of-view - two of the elements common to all narrative fiction - to create an image of a half-man, half-insect who may be repulsive, but who is also deserving of the reader's pity and empathy. Physically, Gregor Samsa is as far from captivating human sympathy as it is possible to be. Nevertheless, as readers we are entirely sympathetic to his experience and the emotions he feels because Kafka lends him the vulnerability that elicits our empathy. The fact that Gregor becomes isolated, alienated, and mistreated primarily because of the way he looks on the surface is purposefully done by Kafka so we can empathize with a

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As I gaze at the still, fixed figures in Georges Seurat's La Grande Jatte (1884 -1886), I feel myself moving into the frame, becoming one of the women dressed in Sunday finery, staring at the rippling surface of the lake before me. I hold a parasol above my head, slightly angled to prevent the sun from beating down on my exposed neck. I am accompanied by my husband, who stares straight ahead, occupying a space next to me but somehow separated from my presence. I feel the heat of the day, I hear the sounds of children sailing their boats on the lake, and I smell the scent of blooming flowers and the picnic lunch of a family seated before me. I am calm, happy, and fixed in time and space. I have entered into a world that no longer exists, a world that is evocative of Paris at the close of the 19th century,

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Ancient Sumerians found themselves in a unique situation with respect to their community and its economy. They were "a complex urban society without coined money" (Burns 18). Moreover, they had no other established means of making commercial exchanges, either, leaving them dependent upon written records to accomplish the many tasks associated with land ownership and rentals, such as the measurement and allotment of land, the allocation of the correct amounts of seed grain, the assessment of taxes and rents in proportion to their yield, the maintenance of property and inventory records, and the distribution of rations (Burns 18). All of these written records naturally had to be written by someone literate, but unfortunately, Sumerians at large were an illiterate people. The only literate people in most of ancient Sumerian society were the priests of the temples. Therefore, the task of documenting the many financial transactions of the community fell to "a large specialized

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Meditation occurs in various forms and types, from transcendental meditation (TM) to Zen, Buddhist, and Taoist Meditation. According to one practitioner, "Meditation describes a state of concentrated attention on some object of thought or awareness, usually involving turning the attention inward to a single point of reference" ("Meditation" 1). Meditation provides the benefit of helping the practitioner achieve a heightened state of consciousness from what is generally considered the meaning of the concept: "contemplation" ("Mediation" 1). The typical process involves focusing on one word, one image, or one sound that becomes a source of concentration and helps provide healing. As

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Introduction In a number of writings philosopher authors have often described their ideas of various concepts from the existence of God and good government to those of nobility and civility. Perhaps Plato's Republic may be considered the first of such works that focused on the morality of good governance and definitions of justice, nobility, and civility. Subsequent philosophers, authors, or theologians would provide works defining their own version of these concepts. In Thucydides' (441 BCE) The History of the Peloponnesian War, Cicero's (44 BCE) Laelius on Friendship, and Sir Thomas More's (1516) Utopia; the authors all provide a different kind of work. Thucydides' (441 BCE) History is primarily a chronological history of the wars between Athens and Sparta. Cicero's (44 BCE) On Friendship is primarily a discussion of the author's loss of a good friend, his bereavement over it, and what constitutes a good friend. Thomas More (1516) provides an alternative "utopian"

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The most important events of the past six decades are disparate ones. They include an assassination, an evacuation, a launch, the tearing down of a wall, a blue dress, and a falling tower. What they all have in common, however, was their ability to reshape American public discourse both when they occurred and in the subsequent decades. While any number of events over the past sixty years has resonated with the public, I believe that the events outlined below are special in that they mark watershed moments in American history when something important changed in the way that Americans viewed the world. This paper will outline these epochal events and conclude with some speculation concerning what the next major epochal event could be. 1950s: Sputnik The most significant political, social, and cultural event of the 1950s was the Soviet Union's successful launch of Sputnik. On October 4, 1957, the communist nation became the first to successfully launch a satellite into orbi

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Aristotle, often called the philosopher's philosopher, conceived of the human being as a political animal whose life was spent in large measure in the pursuit of rational action that was purposeful not only in terms of practical functions, but in terms of happiness (Solomon and Higgins, 64). This Aristotelian concept emphasizes virtue as a primary objective in all of human activities and considers humans as necessarily engaged in political activity as a direct consequence of living within organized social groups. This is a view that influenced both Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Aquinas. These two thinkers will be compared with respect to their understanding of the Aristotelian political animal and the purpose of the ruler in the state. Machiavelli (73) argued that "the nature of man is such that people consider themselves put under an obligation as much by the benefits they confer as by those they receive." A ruler, in his view, was therefore required to confer benefits upon

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According to an essay written by Kimberly Yutani titled Gregg Araki and the Queer New Wave, Gregg Araki has been getting attention as the recent director of the number of films which are conveniently dubbed the Queer New Wave. One of Mr. Akari's best-known films is titled "Totally F***ed Up." It chronicles the lives of four gay, bored, disenfranchised adolescent males living in Los Angeles along with two young lesbians who form a kind of family unit and struggle to get along with each other, and in a broader sense, struggle to get along in a hostile society that openly discriminates against gay young men and young lesbians. Araki produces some of the most interesting and most distinctive independent films. One of the things that distinguishes Akari's films from other independent films are that two of his most famous films were made on budgets and $5,000 and Araki did almost all of the work himself including financing, directing, filming, editing and writing. According to Yutani, Mr. Araki's films represent the underrepresented in mainstream Hollywood movies. His characters are predominantly artists who are gay or lesbian or bisexual. Often, characte

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AR's case is notable for her long history of osteoarthritis and for the later onset of Alzheimer's disease. In her case, the three difficulties that most need to be addressed are difficulty getting around due to the osteoarthritis, trouble with memory and with forming words and sentences due to Alzheimer's disease, and anger resulting from her incapacitation. 1. Three goals and objectives that will ameliorate her situation are: . Goal 1: For osteoarthritis, to improve mobility through a program of hydrotherapy (Foley, Halbert, Hewitt, & Crotty 1162). . Objective 1-1: Increase walking speed by 10 minutes per mile. . Objective 1-2: Increase leg strength as measured by the ability to lift weights with the leg, by 5 pounds. . Objective 1-3: Increase walking distance by 30 steps before having to stop and rest. . Goal 2: For Alzheimer's disease, to reduce the symptoms and issues of the disease, such as anger, f

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The story of "Everyman" is a morality play composed in the late 15th century that illustrates this primary theme: on judgment day God, the chief "accountant" of an individual's life, will only consider "good deeds" and not material possessions. We see that the arrival of "Death" throws Everyman into a worried state because he realizes his impending mortality. Everyman comes to learn that God does not put stock in material or worldly things, believing a man is morally bankrupt if these are all he possesses. On his journey, Everyman tries to discover any number of material things or entities that he can take with him to judgment day. Fellowship, Kinsmen, Goods, and Riches cannot accompany him on this journey, however; but Knowledge is able to help Everyman make his way

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Introduction Colonialism and anti-colonial nationalism in India were the result of historical processes that pre-existed both. Prior to colonialism, India found itself in "a state of anarchy, lawlessness, and arbitrary despotism," which, as Chatterjee points out, was "a central element in the ideological justification of British colonial rule" (622). The British, from their Western perspective, deemed Indian social customs "degenerate and barbaric," a view that prompted them to undertake colonialism as a "civilizing mission" (Chatterjee 622). Abhorring the "long list of atrocities perpetrated on Indian women," the British "colonial mind was able to transform this figure of the Indian woman into a sign of the inherently oppressive and unfree nature of the entire cultural tradition of a country" (Chatterjee 622). Therefore, one of the main features of colonialism was the Westernizing of Indian thought and practice to conform with the views of the invading British. Later,

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Isabel Allende's 1985 novel, The House of the Spirits, was described by Christopher Lehmann-Haupt (23) as an ideological novel in which clairvoyance stands in for fate and in which fate is shaped not so much by the intervention of the gods, but rather by the evil that men do often unwittingly which then returns to haunt and damage their loved ones. At issue in this essay is an exploration of how Allende's novel illustrates seminal issues regarding the role of women in a specific patriarchal society, how women are empowered in the book, and what particular feminism is reflected in this mixture of fiction and history. Isabel Allende (37) makes it quite clear that Clara, the female protagonist who communes with the spirits and is clairvoyant, sees her own fate in the death of the older sister who was to have married the man who ultimately becomes Clara's own husband. Clara, married to the autocratic Esteban, recognizes that his political views and his authoritarianism are hurtful to the members of his family who love him. Further, as described by Elizabeth Gough (100), Clara recognizes that in the choices made by her husband, the seeds

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Salizaliha Mustapha (1) notes that "psychological realism in literary texts offers the possibility for readers to reconstruct each aspect of information offered in a text through different angles or perspectives." In Shakespeare's Macbeth, Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis, and Edgar Allan Poe's "The Pit and the Pendulum," all three authors resort to the use of psychological realism to reinforce their themes and to provide audiences with multiple perspectives or psychological frames of reference with which to understand them and their characters. By using psychological realism, all of the authors make us identify more readily with the human beings in their works as they make choices and confront circumstances that radically transform their psychological and physical states. Macbeth's ambition will lead to his death, Gregor Samsa's transformation into a giant insect leads to his death but also to the blossoming of his sister, and the prisoner in "The Pit and the Pendulum" is te

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Introduction This paper presents three brief essays, each of which is an answer to one of the following three questions: 1. What are the major differences between inclusion and mainstreaming? 2. What are the pros and cons of inclusion? 3. How has inclusion impacted the general education settings throughout the United States, and how will understanding the history of inclusion help you as an educator? Essay 1: Differences Between Inclusion and Mainstreaming According to Fink (2004) the inclusive classroom is a classroom that has been given the responsibility of mainstreaming special education students into the population of general education students. In order to fully understand, this sentence, the terms 'inclusion' and 'mainstreaming' needed to be defined and distinguished. With respect to the foregoing, Powell (2007) states that mainstreaming is really an older term that refers to a process (usually a gradual or part-time process) involving the placement o

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Introduction This paper presents three very brief essays on three different topics involving students with disabilities. The first essay examines for differences in the definition of important terms. The second essay compares two federal laws: IDEA and Section 504. The third essay discusses specific criteria used in identifying and labeling students with health impairments and severe sensory disorders. Essay 1: Definitions This essay examines the definitions of the terms: disability, impairment and handicap. Two real-life examples are provided for each term. Properly defining the terms disability, impairment, and handicap are crucial to ensuring that special needs individuals receive all of the monies, resources, support, and services to which they are entitled under the law (Goren, 2007). This means that all of these terms should be precisely and accurately articulated, both conceptually and legally. In this regard, Colker (2007) notes that, unfortunately, definitions

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Article 1. Berger and Gese (2007) examined whether spatial segregation limits the local distribution of coyotes by evaluating home-range overlap between resident coyotes and wolves. They also examined dispersal rates of captured transient coyotes in both wolf-free and wolf-abundant areas and analyzed data on the population densities of both species in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) as well as gathering data on mortality and survival rates of coyotes in wolf-free and wolf-abundant sites at Grand Teton National Park (GTNP). The main hypothesis tested by the researchers was that interference competition with wolves (canis lupus) limits the distribution and abundance of coyotes (canis latrans) and further that the extirpation of wolves is invoked as an explanation for the expansion of coyote ranges in North America. Based on this hypothesis, Berger and Gese (2007) predicted that coyotes would be the numerically predominant predator across the GYE while being substantially

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In the book What's the Matter With Kansas? Thomas Frank sets out to answer a paradox: why the poorest county in America, which is located in the Great Plains "a region of struggling ranchers and dying farm towns," gave an overwhelming 80 percent of their votes for Republican candidate George W. Bush in the 2000 election (p. 1). How can economically depressed towns and counties vote for the Republican Party, which has a long and storied tradition of favoring the rich over the poor with their policies, rather than the Democratic Party which has historically supported the working class and the poor? Or, to put it more simply, "How could so many people get it so wrong?" (p. 1). According to Frank, the answer is that they have been manipulated by the Republican Party, whipped into an indignant moral frenzy in order to get them to vote against their economic interests. Frank's book presents a passionate analysis of his home state, but at times it veers into the very same marshy rhetori

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Nature of the Debate A key question that should come up when reading communication research, or any research for that matter, is: How does one know that the findings being presented and discussed are valid? According to Boster (473-490) the answer to this question is that the findings are valid to the extent that the researcher conducting the study used sound and well-accepted empirical methods (e.g., control of variables, operational definitions, significant tests, collection of numerical data, and so forth). However, others would disagree with Boster's claim. Instead, they would state that the use of strictly empirical methods may indeed provide a valid glimpse of a given phenomena, but this glimpse is a very tiny slice of the phenomena with none of the contextual detail that is part and parcel of the phenomena occurring in the real-life setting. Therefore it is validity with little meaning and less practical utility. In fact, the foregoing point was made by Hayhow and S

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Introduction Anti-Asian sentiment, as noted by Nora Cobb (87), "and specifically Japan-bashing, has a long, established history in the film industry." The depiction of Orientals and their culture in American film throughout the early years of the industry reflected what Cobb (87) calls a socially accepted set of stereotypes regarding the differences between Orientals, whether they be Chinese or Japanese and Americans. During World War II, Japanese-Americans were rounded up and interned for the duration of the war. Consequently, the movie studios "pumped up production of manifestly anti-Asian racist material, revising earlier Asian villains to fit the new concept of war" (Cobb 87). This process of demonizing or diminishing Asians is not absent from the film industry in the United States. This report will explore this issue by comparing three films featuring Japanese subjects. The Cheat, Sayonara, and Rising Sun. These films are drawn from three different eras, but each i

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The two philosophers, Plotinus and Thomas Aquinas, were separated not only by many centuries but also by their divergent views on the divine providence of God. Plotinus, a pagan, viewed God as the source of all things, although he did not believe that God created evil; evil is simply "the absence of good" ("God: A Priori Arguments"). Aquinas, on the other hand, believed that God is the cause of everything that exists and that everything depends upon Him for its well-being. There is some merit to each of these arguments, but it is Aquinas who is more correct in his views of divine providence. Plotinus' perspective on God is that everything emanates from Him: "There was only one God, from whom all things have flowed in a descending fashion, with each descent things becoming progressively more imperfect" (Raftery). Plotinus saw things becoming increasingly more imperfect the farther they were from their source, as they became "less and less filled with His goodness" (

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The law, in terms of both theory and application, attempts to balance the rights of the individual with the requirements of society for order and stability (Friedrichs, 2006). Private conflict in terms of equality and the law and property rights are two of the critical areas in which law functions to establish normative systems in which private conflict impacting upon the public sector is reduced if not entirely ameliorated. In essence, law operates as a mediating force designed to reduce the ultimate impact of private conflict on the common good and the social contract. Equal rights and equality are difficult concepts in that the law is challenged to prevent any kind of discrimination from occurring in society - in education, in the workplace, in residential access, and so forth. To assume that any private conflicts over such rights do not negatively impact upon the public good, the law has been modified many times. For example, specific Amendments to the U.S. Constitution address issues such as voting rights for

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Art historian Dennis Raverty stated that "until the advent of Andy Warhol, probably no postwar American artist had captured the popular imagination more than Jackson Pollock" (337). Born January 28, 1912, Pollock was the first abstract American painter to be taken seriously in Europe; he died on August 11, 1956, having completed a number of large-scale canvasses that established him as a new icon in the field of art. Though Pollock is often characterized as representing "Abstract Expressionism," H.W. Janson states that "action painting, the term coined some years ago for this style, conveys its essence far better than does Abstract Expressionism" (696). Pollock, a product of a youth spent in Arizona and California, studied Old Master paintings and mural paintings at New York City's Art Students League under Thomas Hart Benton ("Biography" 1). Pollock was attracted to the work of Mexican muralist Jose Orozco and David Alfaro Siquieros, whose experimental techniques and large scale works would have a lasting impact on Pollock's own development. He met and married fellow painter Lee Krasner

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